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Make Last Menu Item Background Different Color That Extends And Fills The Rest Of The Space?

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The menu background is full screen, but the menu itself is fixed width. Last menu item is different color.

Solution 1:

This can be done using a pseudo element added to the last list item:

.nav ul li.last {
  position: relative;
}

.nav ul li.last::after {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 100%;
  width: 1000px;
  height: 100%;
  background-color: #20bef2;
}

Here's a full working example (with overflow: hidden; added to the nav menu because the pseudo element is going to overflow - no way of determining remaining width):

.nav {
  width: 100%;
  background-color: #183650;
  overflow: hidden;
}
.nav ul {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: center;
    max-width: 500px;
    padding: 0;
    text-align: center;
    margin: 0 auto;
}
.nav ul li {
  list-style: none;
  margin: 0 10px;
}
.nav ul li a {
  color: #FFF;
  text-decoration: none;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  padding: 10px 0;
  display: block;
}
.nav ul li.last a {
  background-color: #20bef2;
}

.nav ul li.last {
  position: relative;
}

.nav ul li.last::after {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  top: 0;
  left: 100%;
  width: 1000px;
  height: 100%;
  background-color: #20bef2;
}
<div class="nav">
  <ul>
  <li><a href="#">Link</a></li>
  <li><a href="#">Link</a></li>
  <li><a href="#">Link</a></li>
  <li><a href="#">Link</a></li>
  <li><a href="#">Link</a></li>
  <li><a href="#">Link</a></li>
  <li class="last"><a href="#">Last Link</a></li>
  </ul>
</div>

Solution 2:

Of course this isn't possible if there's max-width: 500px on the parent ul. Without it, you can just give flex: 1 to the .first and li:last-child elements and adjust their text-alignments and margins. Do note that doing it with the pseudo-element is just like adding an additional element, though I don't know if your intentions are functional or pure visual:

 

body {margin: 0}

.nav {
  background-color: #183650;
}

.nav ul {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
  /*max-width: 500px;*/
  padding: 0;
  text-align: center;
  margin: 0;
  border: 1px solid #fff;
  list-style: none;
}

.nav ul li:first-child {
  flex: 1;
  text-align: right;
}

.nav ul li:not(:last-child) {
  margin: 0 10px;
}

.nav ul li a {
  color: #FFF;
  text-decoration: none;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  padding: 10px 0;
  display: block;
}

.last {
  flex: 1;
  margin-left: 10px;
  text-align: left;
  background-color: #20bef2;
}
<div class="nav">
  <ul>
    <li><a href="#">Link</a></li>
    <li><a href="#">Link</a></li>
    <li><a href="#">Link</a></li>
    <li><a href="#">Link</a></li>
    <li><a href="#">Link</a></li>
    <li><a href="#">Link</a></li>
    <li class="last"><a href="#">Last Link</a></li>
  </ul>
</div>

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